Heating a dipolar quantum fluid into a solid.

Raising the temperature of a material enhances the thermal motion of particles. Such an increase in thermal energy commonly leads to the melting of a solid into a fluid and eventually vaporises the liquid into a gaseous phase of matter. Here, we study the finite-temperature physics of dipolar quantum fluids and find surprising deviations from this general phenomenology. In particular, we describe how heating a dipolar superfluid from near-zero temperatures can induce a phase transition to a supersolid state with a broken translational symmetry. We discuss the observation of this effect in experiments on ultracold dysprosium atoms, which opens the door for exploring the unusual thermodynamics of dipolar quantum fluids.

Physicians' Perception of Oral Nutritional Supplement Acceptance and Tolerability in Malnourished Outpatients: PerceptiONS Study.

Malnutrition is a common condition associated with various pathologies such as infections, neoplasms and digestive system disorders. Patients can be managed using different strategies, which include dietary modifications or oral nutritional supplements (ONS). It is important to promote good ONS adherence in order to attain clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Several factors (amount, type, duration and tolerability) may have an impact on ONS adherence. PerceptiONS is a descriptive, cross-sectional observational study based on an ad hoc electronic survey designed to explore physicians' perception of malnourished outpatients prescribed ONS. The survey considered adherence, acceptance/satisfaction, tolerability and benefits within the context of Spain's healthcare system. The perceptions of 548 physicians regarding the experience of 2516 patients were analyzed. From the physicians' perspective, 57.11% of patients adhered to over 75% of the prescribed ONS. The organoleptic properties of ONS represented the aspect with the most positive impact on adherence, with smell (43.72%) ranking as the top characteristic. In general, patients were satisfied (90.10%) with the ONS, with their related benefits (88.51%) and their organoleptic properties (90.42%), and accepted ONS in their daily diet (88.63%). ONS improved patients' general condition (87.04%), quality of life (QoL) (81.96%) and vitality/energy (81.28%). Physicians would prescribe the same ONS again in 96.4% of the cases.

Risk factors and comorbidities associated with severe aortic stenosis: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Aortic stricture (AS) is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases in individuals 65 years of age or older. A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that certain cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) and comorbidities could be associated with AS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between CRFs and comorbidities and severe symptomatic AS in individuals 65 years of age or older in a Spanish healthcare region. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological case-control study from a single primary care centre. We collected information on exposure to CRFs and comorbidities and determined their association with AS, employing adjusted odds ratios (OR) and multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: The study included 102 cases (mean age, 77.6 years) and 221 controls (mean age, 75.5 years). The CRFs significantly associated with severe symptomatic AS were hypercholesterolaemia (OR, 2.67; p < .001), tobacco use (OR, 2.60; p < .001), hypertension (OR, 2.41; p = .010) and low HDL cholesterol readings (OR, 2.20; p = .007). The comorbidities significantly associated with severe symptomatic AS were carotid stenosis (OR, 14.5; p = .017), stroke (OR, 4.14; p = .024), chronic renal failure (OR, 3.78; p < .001) and low haemoglobin levels (OR, 0.76; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Hypercholesterolaemia, tobacco use, arterial hypertension and low HDL cholesterol levels are the CRFs with a greater risk of severe AS. Furthermore, this disease is associated with a number of comorbidities (chronic renal failure, stroke, carotid stenosis and low haemoglobin levels), which could be markers of AS.

Factores de riesgo y comorbilidades asociadas a la estenosis aórtica grave: estudio de casos y controles / Risk factors and comorbidities associated with severe aortic stenosis: a case-control study

Antecedentes y objetivo La estenosis aórtica (EA) es una de las enfermedades cardiovasculares más prevalentes en sujetos≥65años. Algunos estudios epidemiológicos sugieren que ciertos factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) y comorbilidades pueden estar asociados con la EA. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la asociación de FRCV y comorbilidades con la EA grave sintomática en pacientes≥65años en una región sanitaria española. Pacientes y métodos Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico de casos y controles procedentes del mismo centro de atención primaria. Se recogió información sobre la exposición a FRCV y comorbilidades, y se determinó la asociación de ambos con la EA con odds ratio ajustadas (ORa), mediante modelos de regresión logística múltiple. Resultados Se incluyeron un total de 102 casos (edad media=77,6 años) y 221 controles (edad media=75,5 años). Los FRCV significativamente asociados con la EA grave sintomática fueron hipercolesterolemia (ORa=2,67; p<0,001), tabaquismo (ORa=2,60; p<0,001), hipertensión (ORa=2,41; p=0,010) y cifras bajas de colesterol-HDL (ORa=2,20; p=0,007). Las comorbilidades significativamente asociadas con la EA grave sintomática fueron estenosis carotídea (ORa=14,5; p=0,017), accidente vascular cerebral (ORa=4,14; p=0,024), insuficiencia renal crónica (ORa=3,78; p<0,001) y bajos niveles de hemoglobina (ORa=0,76; p<0,001). Conclusiones La hipercolesterolemia, el tabaquismo, la hipertensión arterial y los niveles bajos de colesterol-HDL son los FRCV que comportan mayor riesgo de EA grave. Asimismo, esta enfermedad se asocia con algunas comorbilidades (insuficiencia renal crónica, accidente vascular cerebral, estenosis carotídea y niveles de hemoglobina más bajos) que podrían ser marcadores de E (AU)

Background and objective Aortic stricture (AS) is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases in individuals 65 years of age or older. A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that certain cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) and comorbidities could be associated with AS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between CRFs and comorbidities and severe symptomatic AS in individuals 65 years of age or older in a Spanish healthcare region. Patients and methods We conducted an epidemiological case-control study from a single primary care centre. We collected information on exposure to CRFs and comorbidities and determined their association with AS, employing adjusted odds ratios (OR) and multiple logistic regression models. Results The study included 102 cases (mean age, 77.6 years) and 221 controls (mean age, 75.5 years). The CRFs significantly associated with severe symptomatic AS were hypercholesterolaemia (OR, 2.67; p<.001), tobacco use (OR, 2.60; p<.001), hypertension (OR, 2.41; p=.010) and low HDL cholesterol readings (OR, 2.20; p=.007). The comorbidities significantly associated with severe symptomatic AS were carotid stenosis (OR, 14.5; p=.017), stroke (OR, 4.14; p=.024), chronic renal failure (OR, 3.78; p<.001) and low haemoglobin levels (OR, 0.76; p<.001). Conclusions Hypercholesterolaemia, tobacco use, arterial hypertension and low HDL cholesterol levels are the CRFs with a greater risk of severe AS. Furthermore, this disease is associated with a number of comorbidities (chronic renal failure, stroke, carotid stenosis and low haemoglobin levels), which could be markers of AS (AU)

Risk factors and comorbidities associated with severe aortic stenosis: a case-control study. / Factores de riesgo y comorbilidades asociadas a la estenosis aórtica grave: estudio de casos y controles.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Aortic stricture (AS) is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases in individuals 65 years of age or older. A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that certain cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) and comorbidities could be associated with AS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between CRFs and comorbidities and severe symptomatic AS in individuals 65 years of age or older in a Spanish healthcare region. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological case-control study from a single primary care centre. We collected information on exposure to CRFs and comorbidities and determined their association with AS, employing adjusted odds ratios (OR) and multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: The study included 102 cases (mean age, 77.6 years) and 221 controls (mean age, 75.5 years). The CRFs significantly associated with severe symptomatic AS were hypercholesterolaemia (OR, 2.67; p<.001), tobacco use (OR, 2.60; p<.001), hypertension (OR, 2.41; p=.010) and low HDL cholesterol readings (OR, 2.20; p=.007). The comorbidities significantly associated with severe symptomatic AS were carotid stenosis (OR, 14.5; p=.017), stroke (OR, 4.14; p=.024), chronic renal failure (OR, 3.78; p<.001) and low haemoglobin levels (OR, 0.76; p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hypercholesterolaemia, tobacco use, arterial hypertension and low HDL cholesterol levels are the CRFs with a greater risk of severe AS. Furthermore, this disease is associated with a number of comorbidities (chronic renal failure, stroke, carotid stenosis and low haemoglobin levels), which could be markers of AS.

Evaluation of Plasma Disappearance Rate Indocyanine Green Clearance as a Predictor of Liver Graft Rejection in Donor Brain Death.

INTRODUCTION: There currently exist no quantitative methods to assess graft viability before the donor procurement procedure. In Europe, around 20% of liver grafts evaluated "in situ" by an experienced surgeon are discarded. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of the plasma disappearance rate indocyanine green (PDR-ICG) clearance in predicting liver graft rejection to avoid this 20% of futile surgeries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate PDR-ICG as a predictor of liver graft rejection in death brain donors compared with the gold standard evaluation by an experienced surgeon. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational single center study. From March 2017 to July 2019, 29 donors were included in the study, 17 were men and 12 women with a median age of 68 years ± 16.9 years. Donors had an intensive care unit stay of 2 days ± 4 days. PDR-ICG was measured with PICCO2 monitor. Indocyanine green clearance dose was 0.25 mg/kg injected intravenously in the operating room just before donor procurement procedure is initiated. The surgeon was unaware of the PDR-ICG measure until the decision of graft acceptance was taken. Data regarding the donors and biopsy results were included in a prospective database. RESULTS: PDR-ICG measure could be obtained in 10 minutes in all of the cases included. The median PDR-ICG obtained was 18%/min (range, 2.4-31%/min). Graft rejection took place in 15 out of the 29 donors. PDR-ICG value was less than 10%/min in 6 of these rejected grafts and less than 15%/min in 10 donors. All donor grafts with PDR-ICG <15% were discarded. The graft had been discarded in 5 donors with a PDR-ICG >15%. CONCLUSIONS: In our study a plasma disappearance rate <10 would have identified the grafts that would be rejected, thus avoiding the displacement work and expense of the surgical team. These results should be confirmed in a multicentric study.

Sengstaken Tube Removal under Direct Hemodynamic Monitoring after Post Transplantation Venous Occlusion.

The surgical procedure for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is well standardized, and most groups use the retrohepatic caval preservation or piggyback technique to improve hemodynamic tolerance. However, when a discrepancy between the site in the right upper quadrant of the liver recipient and a small graft is present, this technique can provoke a rotation on the axis of the vena cava and cause an occlusion of the suprahepatic vein drainage. This problem can be detected intraoperatively, and several methods have been described to resolve it by placing different devices to correct the position. Early withdrawal may cause the development of clinical hepatic congestion with ascites unresponsive to medical treatment. We present three cases of OLT who developed obstruction of the venous drainage solved intraoperatively with the placement of a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube. As a novelty, prior to the withdrawal of the device, a transjugular hemodynamic study was performed to ensure the correct position of the liver with adequate venous drainage.

Volume-by-volume bioprinting of chondrocytes-alginate bioinks in high temperature thermoplastic scaffolds for cartilage regeneration.

IMPACT STATEMENT: 3D bioprinting represents a novel advance in the area of regenerative biomedicine and tissue engineering for the treatment of different pathologies, among which are those related to cartilage. Currently, the use of different thermoplastic polymers, such as PLA or PCL, for bioprinting processes presents an important limitation: the high temperatures that are required for extrusion affect the cell viability and the final characteristics of the construct. In this work, we present a novel bioprinting process called volume-by-volume (VbV) that allows us to preserve cell viability after bioprinting. This procedure allows cell injection at a safe thermoplastic temperature, and also allows the cells to be deposited in the desired areas of the construct, without the limitations caused by high temperatures. The VbV process could make it easier to bring 3D bioprinting into the clinic, allowing the generation of tissue constructs with polymers that are currently approved for clinical use.

Donor Risk Index Has an Impact in Intraoperative Measure of Hepatic Artery Flow and in Clearance of Indocyanine Green: An Observational Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The increase in indications for liver transplantation has led to acceptance of donors with expanded criteria. The donor risk index (DRI) was validated with the aim of being a predictive model of graft survival based on donor characteristics. Intraoperative arterial hepatic flow and indocyanine green clearance (plasma clearance rate of indocyanine green [ICG-PDR]) are easily measurable variables in the intraoperative period that may be influenced by graft quality. Our aim was to analyze the influence of DRI on intraoperative liver hemodynamic alterations and on intraoperative dynamic liver function testing (ICG-PDR). METHODS: This investigation was an observational study of a single-center cohort (n = 228) with prospective data collection and retrospective data analysis. Measurement of intraoperative flow was made with a VeriQ flowmeter based on measurement of transit time (MFTT). The ICG-PDR was obtained from all patients with a LiMON monitor (Pulsion Medical Systems AG, Munich, Germany). DRI was calculated using a previously validated formula. Normally distributed variables were compared using Student's t test. Otherwise, the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test was applied, depending on whether there were 2 or more comparable groups. The qualitative variables and risk measurements were analyzed using the chi-square test. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: DRI score (mean ± SD) was 1.58 ± 0.31. The group with DRI >1.7 (poor quality) had an intraoperative arterial flow of 234.2 ± 121.35 mL/min compared with the group having DRI < 1.7 (high quality), with an intraoperative arterial flow of 287.24 ± 156.84 mL/min (P = .02). The group with DRI >1.70 had an ICG-PDR of 14.75 ± 6.52%/min at 60 minutes after reperfusion compared to the group with DRI <1.70, with an ICG-PDR of 16.68 ± 6.47%/min at 60 minutes after reperfusion (P = .09). CONCLUSION: Poor quality grafts have greater susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion damage. Decreased intraoperative hepatic arterial flow may represent an increase in intrahepatic resistance early in the intraoperative period.

Droplets of Trapped Quantum Dipolar Bosons.

Strongly interacting systems of dipolar bosons in three dimensions confined by harmonic traps are analyzed using the exact path integral ground-state Monte Carlo method. By adding a repulsive two-body potential, we find a narrow window of interaction parameters leading to stable ground-state configurations of droplets in a crystalline arrangement. We find that this effect is entirely due to the interaction present in the Hamiltonian without resorting to additional stabilizing mechanisms or specific three-body forces. We analyze the number of droplets formed in terms of the Hamiltonian parameters, relate them to the corresponding s-wave scattering length, and discuss a simple scaling model for the density profiles. Our results are in qualitative agreement with recent experiments showing a quantum Rosensweig instability in trapped Dy atoms.

Percepción de los profesionales médicos respecto la adherencia terapéutica de los pacientes con osteoporosis / Medical professionals’ perceptions regarding therapeutic adherence in patients with osteoporosis

Introducción: La adherencia al tratamiento oral del paciente con osteoporosis es baja, con un alto porcentaje de abandonos durante el primer año. La consecuencia más notable es la falta de respuesta terapéutica. Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de los facultativos involucrados en el abordaje del paciente osteoporótico en relación a la adherencia terapéutica de estos pacientes. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado mediante una encuesta de opinión dirigida a médicos de Atención Primaria y Atención Especializada involucrados en el tratamiento de la osteoporosis. Los participantes fueron seleccionados mediante muestreo intencionado. Resultados: El cuestionario fue contestado por 235 especialistas de Reumatología (54,5%), Traumatología (10,6%) y Atención Primaria (18,7%). En opinión del 43,8% de los encuestados, más de un 25% de los pacientes olvida alguna vez tomar el tratamiento. Según el 34,9%, más de 75% de los pacientes están concienciados con el tratamiento. Los efectos secundarios y la complejidad de la administración son las razones mayoritarias que propician un cambio de medicación, con una importancia media de 7,94±2,06 y 6±2,01 puntos respectivamente en una escala 0-10. Conclusiones: Los facultativos percibieron baja adherencia terapéutica asociada fundamentalmente a los efectos secundarios, a la polimedicación y a la falta de comunicación entre profesionales. Espaciar la dosificación y el uso de formas galénicas solubles podrían ser opciones para facilitar la adherencia del paciente al tratamiento con bisfosfonatos orales. Mejorar la educación sobre la importancia de la enfermedad o aumentar el seguimiento del paciente serían algunos de los aspectos que podrían favorecer la adherencia terapéutica (AU)

Introduction: Adherence to oral treatment of patients with osteoporosis is low, with a high dropout rate in the first year. The most noteworthy result is the lack of therapeutic response. Objective: To ascertain the perception of physicians working with osteoporotic patients regarding adherence of these patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted by opinion survey aimed at primary care physicians and specialists involved in osteoporosis treatment. Participants were selected by purposive sampling. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 235 specialists encompassing rheumatology (54.5%), orthopedics (10.6%) and primary care (18.7%). In 43.8% of participants, more than 25% of patients sometimes forget to take their treatment. According to 34.9%, more than 75% of patients are aware of treatment. Side effects and management complexity are the majority reasons that lead to a change in medication, mean value of 7.94±2.06 6±2.01 points respectively on a 0-10 scale. Conclusions: Overall, medical specialists attributed low adherence to side effects, polypharmacy and lack of communication between professionals. Dosage and space use of soluble dosage forms may be options to facilitate patient adherence to treatment with oral bisphosphonates. Improved education concerning the importance of the disease or increased patient monitoring could foster adherence (AU)

Final results of a phase II study of paclitaxel, bevacizumab, and gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Efficacy and safety data for combining bevacizumab, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel for locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer are limited. PATIENTS AND METHODS: AVALUZ trial evaluates the combination of bevacizumab 10 mg/kg, gemcitabine 2,000 mg/m(2) plus paclitaxel 150 mg/m(2), on days 1 and 15 of each 28-day course in previously untreated HER-2 negative patients. RESULTS: Median progression-free survival (PES): 12.3 months. The overall response and clinical benefit rate (CR + PR + SD) were 72 % (95 % CI 60.9-82.0 %) and 89 % (95 % CI 80.3-95.3 %), respectively. Median overall survival: 27.4 mo. Baseline circulating tumor cell (CTCs) ≥2 versus CTCs <2 was associated with lower PFS, p = 0.046. Overall response was significantly greater in patients with intense angiotensin type 1 receptor (AGTR1) expression (99 vs. 60 % [p = 0.021]). The most frequent grade 3/4 adverse events were: neutropenia (10 %); febrile neutropenia (1 %); sensory neuropathy (13 %); and asthenia (6 %). Grade 3 adverse events of interest with bevacizumab included bleeding (1 %) and hypertension (4 %). One patient developed cardiac ischemia (1 %). CONCLUSIONS: Adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy appeared feasible and well tolerated, producing toxicity comparable to other effective combined first-line regimens. Baseline circulating endothelial cells and AGTR1 expression are predictive of PFS and response.

Management of liver transplantation waiting list for decompensated cirrhosis in a Spanish tertiary hospital: differences between hepatitis C virus recipients and other etiologies.

BACKGROUND: Decompensated cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main indications for liver transplantation (LT) in Spain. Recurrence of HCV after LT is the main cause of graft loss and death in HCV-positive recipients. Advanced donor age determines a more aggressive recurrence of HCV and a shorter survival. In this setting, in our liver unit, grafts from younger donors are allocated to HCV-positive recipients. The aim of this study was a comparative analysis of allocation of grafts in HCV-positive recipients versus other etiologies and the impact on waiting list time, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score progression until LT, need of admission in a hospital, survival until LT. METHODS: This was a retrospective study from the cohort of patients included in the waiting list for LT owing to decompensated cirrhosis in the Hospital Gregorio Marañón from January 2008 to June 2013. RESULTS: A total of 91 patients were included; 63 patients (69.23%) received LT; 19 (20.88%) retired from the waiting list: 6 because of improvement, 11 (12.08%) because of death. In both groups, the age of recipients was similar (HCV 52 y vs other 53 y; P = .549). HCV patients were included in the waiting list with lower MELD score than other etiologies (HCV 16.1 vs other 19.4; P = .010); nevertheless, MELD score was similar at the time of LT in both groups (HCV 18.9 vs other 19.4; P = .675). Time on waiting list was significantly longer in HCV patients (198 d vs 86 d; P = .002) and they were admitted in hospital more days (30 d vs 12 d; P = .03). Donor age in the HCV group was significantly lower (64.3 y vs 54.7 y; P = .006). The intention-to-treat survival analysis did not show differences between the groups (log rank = 0.504). CONCLUSIONS: HCV patients with decompensated cirrhosis receive grafts from younger donors. HCV patients remain waiting longer for an optimal organ and suffer MELD deterioration and more days admitted in hospital. These differences in allocation of grafts did not affect final survival. In our experience, designating younger organs to HCV-positive patients does not penalize neither HCV recipients nor recipients with other etiologies.

Therapeutic inertia in hypercholesterolaemia is associated with ischaemic events in primary care patients. A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of therapeutic inertia (TI) is very high in the management of vascular risk factors, although its impact on the incidence of ischaemic events is not well-established. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between TI in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and the appearance of ischaemic events. METHODS: An observational, multicentre, case-control study was conducted in 70 primary care centres in Spain. Case subjects (n = 235) were high-risk hypercholesterolaemic patients (both genders, ≥ 18 years) who had had a first event in the 12 months prior to recruitment. They were matched with 235 controls (by vascular risk, age and gender). The observation period was 18 months prior to the onset of a first event (cases) or to date of recruitment (control subjects). RESULTS: The TI in the basal visit (an average of 7.8 months before the event) was slightly higher in cases than in controls (39.7% vs. 34.8%, NS). However, the accumulated TI was similar in both groups (70.7% for cases and 73.95% for controls, NS). The multivariate analysis, taking ischaemic events as the dependent variable, showed that the TI at baseline visit was significantly associated with the development of the event [OR 2.18 (95% CI 1.04-4.51), p < 0.05]. Other variables also associated with the ischaemic event were a family history of premature vascular disease [OR 3.38 (95% CI 1.35-8.49), p < 0.05] and uncontrolled hypertension [OR 2.35 (95% CI 1.02-5.43), p < 0.05]. CONCLUSION: The TI in high-risk hypercholesterolaemic patients in primary prevention in Spanish primary care centres doubled the risk of an ischaemic event in the short term.

Malignant thyroid teratoma: report of an aggressive tumor in a 64-year-old man.

Malignant teratoma of the thyroid is a rare and aggressive tumor, frequent in children than in adults. Histologically, thyroid teratomas usually show a predominance of a neuroectodermal component. Mature cartilage and bone may be present. We present the case of primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid in a 64-year-old man. Histologically, the tumor displayed a predominant neuroectodermal component. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The patient underwent a radical thyroidectomy with central neck dissection as primary treatment and radioiodine treatment afterwards. The patient had local and distant recurrence. A second surgery was performed with poor results and the patient died 3 months afterwards.

[Emphysematous cystitis. Case report and review of literature]. / Cistitis enfisematosa. Caso clínico y revisión de literatura.

We present the case of a patient with diagnostic of cystitis enphisematous. We carry out the bibliographical revision of other published cases of this pathology. The cystitis enphisematous is an infectious square of strange presentation and more frequent in patient diabetic women, characterized by the presence of gas in the bladder cavity and infiltration of the walls bladder, due to the infection for germs producing of CO2, mainly gram (-). The peculiarity of our case is due to that the patient didn't suffer diabetes, being much more frequent that this alteration happens in the patients that yes they are it.

Cistitis enfisematosa. Caso clínico y revisión de literatura / Emphysematous cistitis. Case report and review of literature

Presentamos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de cistitis enfisematosa. Realizamos la revisión bibliográfica de otros casos publicados de dicha patología. La cistitis enfisematosa es un cuadro infeccioso de rara presentación y más frecuente en pacientes mujeres diabéticas, caracterizado por la presencia de gas en la cavidad vesical e infiltración de las paredes vesicales, debido a la infección por gérmenes productores de CO2, principalmente gram (-). La peculiaridad de nuestro caso se debe a que la paciente no padecía diabetes, siendo mucho más frecuente que acontezca esta alteración en los pacientes que sí lo son (AU)

We present the case of a patient with diagnostic of cystitis enphisematous. We carry out the bibliographical revision of other published cases of this pathology. The cystitis enphisematous is an infectious square of strange presentation and more frequent in patient diabetic women, characterized by the presence of gas in the bladder cavity and infiltration of the walls bladder, due to the infection for germs producing ofCO2, mainly gram (-). The peculiarity of our case is due to that the patient didn’t suffer diabetes, being much more frequent that this alteration happens in the patients that yes they are it (AU)